Practical no : 1 making of plot :-
* Aim :- to learn the about of making land .
* Information of plot :- land of soil is in two different parts .
1) we can 't transport land .
2) we can transport soil .
In a land soil 45% , air 25% , water 25% , and organic carbon 5% it is need for land for growing plants .
How soil is made :-
Soil is the thin layer of material covering the earth's surface and is formed from the weathering of rocks. It is made up mainly of mineral particles, organic materials, air, water and living organisms—all of which interact slowly yet constantly.
1) soil give support to plants .
2) soil give mineral & water to plants .
3) soil store water for plants .
4) soil is the home for bacteria .
Types of bed :-
1) sari bed methods .
growth : sugarcane , corn , potato .
this plant are grow in sari bed method .
2) vafe bed method : -
growth : methi , kothambir , palak .
This types of leafy vegetable are grow in vafe bed method .
3) gadi bed method :-
growth : onion , chille , cauliflower , cabbage .
this types of vegetable are grow in gadi bed method .
4) Aale bed method :-
growth : mango , chikku , gave .
this types of fruits tree are grow in Aale bed method .
5) plane bed method :-
growth : jawar , bajra , wheat .
this types of grain are grow by this method .
* Aim :- to process seed of grain good production .
* Tools and Accessories :- bucket , mug , & Trichodeema .
Observetion :- Quility production is gained due to seed processing .
Result :- In very less cost we gain quality due to seed.
* Aim :- measuring of plot .
* Requirement :- measurement tape . * Procedure :- measuring the ghevada plot .
53 x 19 = 1007 sq feet .
1) feet to meter , 53 / 3.3 = 16 19 / 3.3 = 5 Ans :- 16 x 5 = 80 sq meter .
2) feet to inch , 53 x 12 = 636 19 x 12 = 228 Ans :- 636 x 228 = 145008 sq inch .
3) inch to cm , 636 x 2.5 = 1590 228 x 2.5 = 570 Ans :- 1590 x 570 = 106300 sq cm .
4) cm to mm , 1590 x 10 = 15900570 x 10 = 5700Ans :- 15900 x 5700 = 90630000 sq mm
Practical no :- 4 Agriculture tools .
* Aim :- learning ho who use tool in agriculture .
* Requirement :- take tools of agriculture .
a) tools : khurpa , fawda , kudal , vila , ghamela , nangar , pahar , datal , bucket , mugs .
Uses of tools :-
1) khurpa : It is used for taking out grass or weed from cultivated land during whole agriculture process .
2) Fawda {khore} :- It is used for pulling soil to make whole avtivated land level .
3) kudal :- it is used to dig land for cultivation .
4) ghamila :- It is used to transport soil stone or anythings from one place to another .
5) vila :- It is used for cutting the grass from base without harming roots .
6) Nangar :- It is used with tractor rather to do a bug ky work on land cultivation .
7) Datal :- It is used for pulling stone up from soil to make land soft for land .
8) Pahar :- It is used for digging the land .
Practical no :- 5 types of Irrigation .
AIM - IRRIGATION
REQUIREMENT - DRIPPER , FOGGER ,SPRINKLER, TER PIPES , MOTOR
PROCEDURE- Irrigation system like dripper is used for supplying water drop by drop
1) DRIP IRRIGATION - Drip irrigation is
a type of micro-irrigation that has the potential to save water and
nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants,
either from above the soil surface or buried below the surface. The goal
is to place water directly into the root zone and minimize evaporation.
2) SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
3) LOCALIZED IRRIGATION - Localized irrigation systems
apply water directly where the plant is growing thus minimizing water
loss through evaporation from the soil. Such localized
irrigation systems include drip irrigation, porous clay pots, porous
pipes, and perforated plastic sleeves.
4)
SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION -Subsurface irrigation is a highly-efficient
watering technique that reduces outdoor water use by 30 to 40 percent.
The system consists of drip irrigation tubing planted about five inches
below the surface. The water goes straight to your lawn's roots, and it doesn't blow away or run down the sidewalk.
5) MANUAL IRRIGATION -Manual irrigation systems are very simple, but effective methods for making water available to crops. Manual irrigation systems
are easy to handle and there is no need for technical equipment. But it
is important that they are constructed correctly to avoid water loss
and crop shortfall.
SOIL TESTING - In
agriculture, a soil test commonly refers to the analysis of
a soil sample to determine nutrient content, composition, and other
characteristics such as the acidity or pH level.
AIM- To test soil by different methods
TOOLS - Soil testing kit , ghamela , favda , khora , etc
PROCEDURE –
1)First take 1 gram of thin solid and add in the testing bottle
2) Then add liquid nitrogen up to 6 ml and shake it until a minute
3)Then
keep the bottle for 5-6 minutes stable .
then add four drops of anti 2 and anti 3 in
testing bottle ,then compare the color with PH
reading
4) Now add phosphorus and do the same process
Practical no :- 7 grafting .
grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the scion (/ˈsaɪən/)
while the lower part is called the root stock. The success of this
joining requires that the vascular tissue grow together and such joining
is called inosculation. The technique is most commonly used in asexual propagation of commercially grown plants for the horticultural and agricult
TYPES OF GRAFTING - 1) Saddle graft
2) Bridge graft
3) Inarch graft
4) Bark graft
SADDLE GRAFT - : A plant
graft made by fitting a deep cleft in the end of the scion over a wedge
in the end of a stock of similar diameter so that the two cambiums are
in contact
BRIDGE GRAFT -
a
plant graft made by inserting one or more scions with one end below and
the other end above an interruption of the cambium or other weak point
in the stock and used especially to bridge wounds (as from gnawing) or
to reinforce weak or defective grow graft
BARK GRAFT - : A plant
graft made by slitting or slipping the bark of the stock and inserting
the scion beneath it and used especially in top working and frame
working where two or more scions are inserted in the end of each
truncated branch of the stock — compare crown graft
PROCESS
2) Cut a scion. For T-budding, you must cut into the branch 1⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) below the bud to 3⁄4 inch
(1.9 cm) beyond the bud. Make the cut as deep as needed to include the
soft, green layer beneath the bark but not any deeper. This green
material must be exposed on your scion for a successful graft. If you
must store your scion bud, wrap it in a damp paper towel, place it in a
polyethylene bag, and store it in a refrigerator.[1]
3) Make a T-cut on your rootstock. Choose a space on a branch or sapling that is 1⁄4inch (0.6 cm) to 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. The space must be free of any buds, ideally far from
any buds. Make a vertical slice in the bark about 1 inch (2.5 cm) long
and deep enough to expose that green layer. Make a horizontal slice of
the same depth that is about one third the distance around the
rootstock. Twist the knife in the juncture of the slices to create flaps
of the bark, making the green layer visible.
4) Introduce the scion. Slip
the scion containing the bud under the flaps you've just created on the
rootstock, taking care not to introduce any dirt or germs. If part of
the scion's bark sticks out above the T-cut, slice it off so that
everything fits together snugly.
5) Tie the scion to the rootstock. Wrap
a stretchy rubber material such as grafting rubber around the rootstock
to hold the scion in place. Be careful not to jostle or cover the bud.
6) Remove the tie. In
about a month, the rubber you wrapped around the rootstock may loosen
and fall off. If it doesn't, gently remove it yourself so that the area
will not be constricted.
7) Follow up on your bud. If
the bud looks plump and healthy, it is probably alive. If it looks
shriveled, then it has died and you'll have to start again.
Practical no :- 8 seed sowing
* Aim :- sowing and methods .
* tool and equipment :- agriculture tools .
* Procedure :- seed sowing and methods of seed sowing .
Sowing
:- sowing or seed sowing identifed as the process of plants of placing
the seed in soil to geiminate and grow into plants , In comparisan
plating is the putting the plants properly in soil for growing plants
propagules can be seedling roots tubers and leaves cutting .
methods of sowing :-
1} broad casting .
2} Dibbling .
3} Drilling .
4} sowing behind the conutry plough .
5} planting .
6} trans planting .
Practical no :- 9 jivamrut .
JEEVAMRUT MEANS ONE SOLUTION MANY BENEFITS
Jeevamrut: Organic manure
Jeevamrut
is a liquid organic manure popularly used as means of organic farming.
It is considered to be an excellent source of 'natural carbon',
'biomass', 'Nitrogen', 'Phosphorous' 'Potassium' and lot of other micro
nutrients required for the crops. As compared to other forms of manure,
composts, vermi-compost, Jeevamrut can be prepared very quickly and has
proven to be lot more effective. Usage of Jeevamrut along with other
manures can also prove to be beneficial.
Advantages of Jeevamrut:
• It acts as an agent to increase the microbial count and friendly bacteria in the soil
• As the preparation time is only 4-5 days, it can be used effectively and frequently
•
Usage of Jeevamrut helps increase the earthworm count in the soil;
earthworm leads to a very porous quality soil which has a higher water
holding capacity, improves aeration, bring up minerals from deep in the
subsurface that are often in short supply in surface layers
• If used consistently it can eradicate the need for chemical fertilizers completely
• Improves the PH of the soil
• Suitable for all crops and increases the yield and cuts down on entire expenses of Chemical fertilizers.
Jeevamrut is prepared as follows
1. 1000 Liters of Water
2.
50 KG Indian/Desi Breed Cow Dung (It has been observed that the
nutrient values found in Indian breed cows is much higher than the
hybrid ones)
3. 50 Liters of Cow Urine (Gomutra)
4. 10-12 KG of Gram Flour (Besan) (Other Pulses flour can also be taken)
5. 10-12 KG of Jaggery (Gudh)
6.
Two Handfuls of Soil taken from the roots of Banyan Tree (or any other
old tree found close to the farm. This act as source of friendly
bacteria and enzymes required for the good health of soil)
The
above ingredients should be stored in a cool place and away from
sunlight. The mixture needs to be stirred couple of times (10 mins every
time) for 4 days. The ingredients ferment and Jeevamrut is prepared for
the use. This Jeevamrut can now be used for 2-3 days. Beyond the 8th
day of preparation, the bacterial colonies in the liquid start reducing.
It is beneficial to do a live mulching (mulching with help of grass,
hay, sugarcane straw remains etc.) along with the Jeevamrut application.
Mulching will help the earthworms (Gandul / Kenchua) to work in the
soil till upper most layer bringing more porosity and minerals till the
surface.
Hurdles faced with usage of Jeevamrut:
Jeevamrut
is prepared from animal remains and naturally it has a very foul smell.
Also, as it is in liquid state it isn't as easy to handle as the
regular solid fertilizers. The liquid also, has a shelf life of not more
than 10-12 days beyond which it isn't effective to be used.
Due
to these factors, Jeevamrut has to reach each crop quickly and
consistently. It's drenching has to be at the roots of the plants.
Farmers with smaller plots have tried to manually drench Jeevamrut,
however labor turns out to be a major challenge. First, finding labor to
work in such foul smell (which even animals get repelled from) is
difficult and secondly, manual drenching on a consistent basis to an
average plot of 5 acres will require 4-5 labor. The wages for the labor
will be anywhere between Rs. 15-25,000. This takes out the feasibility
out of this method of farming.
Overcoming the Hurdles:
The
above hurdles can be overcome if we automate the Jeevamrut irrigation.
The automation can be achieved using the existing drip / sprinkle
irrigation on the farm to irrigate the entire crop. For this we will
need to filter the Jeevamrut to remove all the suspended particles in it
which can cause blockages/choking the nozzles of drip irrigation or
sprinkle irrigation. There is a product named "Pruthviraj Jeevamrut
Filter[2]" available for filtration of all organic slurry. With help of
such product one can use Jeevamrut effectively and get rid of hazardous
chemical fertilizers.
Practical no :-10 Napsack pump .
* Aim :- study napsack pump .
*
working :- Process start by pulling and pushing hydroulic piston which
produces pressure . when piston is pulled up water fills in whole
piston through the hole .when piston is pushed again in the pump ball
bearing locks the hole and water get stuck in it there 's a limits of
pressure were pump get lock at one points so we have to open the
connecting pipes which further releases water forward by force and it
passed through nozzle filter works as on filter device in pump .
*
parts :- hydroulic piston , ball bearing , rubber , vicer ,
connecting pipe , trigger , nozzle , filter , pressure
producing handle .
* Result :- this make easy to spray any chemical .
* Important of land / soil
Practical no :- 2 Seed Processing .
Seed processing :- Is a crucial step in refining post-harvested seed to its purest form for replanting purposes and human/animal consumption. Seed processing is divided into two main categories: seed cleaning and seed treating .
What is Seed Processing?
Seed processing is a crucial step in refining post-harvested seed to its purest form for replanting purposes and human/animal consumption. Seed processing is divided into two main ca+tegories: seed cleaning and seed treating. Seed cleaning involves the use of equipment to make various size and density separations of material so that the healthy seed is separated from the trash and bad seed. Depending on the customers needs, this can be an in-depth process involving various machines to achieve the required degree of separation. We understand that often times your needs are driven by your customers. Our diverse Seed Processing line allows us to cater directly to your needs. Seed treating or seed dressing is most commonly for seed purposed for replanting. This process involves taking the cleaned seed and coating them in a chemical, usually antimicrobial or fungicidal, to make the seed more robust for the field. ARMckay can easily integrate seed treating equipment into an existing system, while allowing you to by pass the treater when it is not needed.
Practical no :- 3 measurement of plot .
9) Bucket and mugs :- It is used for to supply water , chemical organic solution to plants .
Practical no :- 6 Soil testing .
5) Same as potassium this to continuous for same .
1) Choose your cultivar and your rootstock. In order for your budding to be successful, you must cut a scion (small piece for grafting) from a healthy, disease-free cultivar (origin tree) as well as a suitable growing tree (rootstock). The rootstock in this case is an established tree that the scion can be spliced into. For T-budding, the bark of both trees must be "slipping." This means the bark is easily peeled off and the green layer underneath is moist, which usually occurs in the spring. Try irrigating them well to help them along
Animals husbandry :-
What is Lactometer
Lactometer,
a cylindrical vessel made by blowing a glass tube. One side of glass
tube looks like a bulb with filled by mercury and another site is thin
tube with scaled. For milk testing lactometer dipped in milk which we
are testing. In lactometer the point up to which it sinks in the pure
milk is marked after that put in water and marked at the point up to
which it sinks in water. It sinks less in milk then water because as we
know milk is denser then water. At lactometer there are to portions i.e.
‘M ‘and ‘W’ which is divided in three parts and marked as 3, 2 and 1.
That indicates the level of the purity in Milk.
Here below some steps mentioned for milk testing –
# Step 1- Whenever you want to test the milk purity
, you just put the instrument or lactometer in milk.
, you just put the instrument or lactometer in milk.
#
Step 2- If it sinks up to the mark ‘M’ which mentioned at lactometer
that means milk is pure or if not that means milk is impure.
# Step 3- If the milk is mixed in water then it would sink higher then marked ‘M’.
# Step4- If it stands at the mark 3 that means milk is 75% pure and respectively 2 for 50% purity and 1 means 25% purity.
Lactometer
is basically more suitable or useful in sea warfare where now the days
most of shops and submarines also use it for milk purity test. Here
below advantages of lactometer mentioned by which you have an idea about
how a lactometer gives you advantage-
Advantages of Lactometer
Everyone can use lactometers easily.
Lactometers results have maximum accuracy.
Lactometer requires low maintenance cost.
Lactometers price are minimum that’s why anyone can purchase it.
Lactometers
are used for milk purity checker and also a very reliable instrument.
It is scientifically observed that the cases of skimmed milk the
lactometer fails to provide correct results if the density of skimmed
milk is made equal to pure milk adding water.
Conclusion- Lactometer
is useful for milk testing by which anyone can measure their milk
purity easily. It’s necessary to eat or drink healthy for a healthy
life.
AZOLLA
Aim : To know about azolla.
Tools : Tikaav, Phavda, Plastic paper, Bricks.
Process :
1) Gather
azolla, and bring it home in a plastic cover, then put it in a tub that
has water in it. It will be fresh for only 2 days. It should not be
exposed to sunlight.
2) Make a pit that is 5 feet by 3-3 ½ feet. The floor of the pit should be very even. Remove any roots
3) Spread
out the plastic sheet. It should be 2 feet longer and 2 feet wider than
the pit, with no holes. The sheet must be spread out smooth. The
sheet’s outer edges should be fixed with mud so that they don’t move.
Making this mud wall around the pit also helps to keep things out of the
pit. Any mud that has fallen in should be removed completely.
4) Now
fill the pit with water. The depth of the water should be the same as
the height of a brick. The water level must be maintained daily – if it
goes down add more water. Even small holes in the sheet will result in
water leakage.
5) Add 1 ½ kilograms of cow dung.
6) Bring azolla in jeevamuthra water and add it to the pit. In 15-20 days, the azolla will grow to fill the pit.
7)The
pit must be in the shade. If the pit isn’t under a tree, build a
shelter for it. If the shelter is damaged, you must repair it.
8) When
the azolla has grown to fill the pit, remove some and wash it to get
rid of the cow dung smell before feeding to the cow. If the cow will not
eat it, wash it again and give it to the cow. Start with feeding the
cow 75-100 grams of azolla daily in the morning, then increase up to 1
kg.
Observation :
From
time to time, add jeevamuthra or cow dung water (slurry). Every now and
then ½ to 1 kg of cow dung can be added. Do not dry the azolla.
Result :
If
you remove 100 g of azolla from the pit one day, the next day it will
have grown back. Azolla can also be used to fertilize paddy. Azolla
absorbs nitrogen from the atmosphere.
recognizing the age of cow
Aim -:Recognizing the age of animals
Requirement -: gloves, mask, measurement tape.
procedure-:1)Go to the where you can get cow goat or else
2)first observe the length
3)While observing check how many teeth they have .
4)Chek while they milkyteeth or permanent teeth.
5)While checking the animal teeth take care that they will don't bite while checking the teeth.
- Formula : A*A*B/10400
- A - Chest area
- B - Distance from head bone to tail b
Production of cow -:9 Month's
TDN(Total digestive nutrient)
Aim :To study total digestive nutrient of animals.
Requirements-: Pen,paper
Procedure-:A x A x B A =Chest area
10,400 B =Distance from harn to monkey bone.
= 60902 10.400
= 585.774 kg.
Calculation according to feed
1)Bhuimug pend =71%
2)ginger grass =72%
3) jwari kadba = 40%
4) Bajiri sarmat = 35%
TDN = Cow TDN
Cow reed
= 39.28
9
= 787,699m
Result-: According to TDN determination we can come to know whether cow farming is in profit or loss
Hydroponics
Aim :- Making food for annual in summer season.
Requirement :
1)Shade net
2)Trays with holes 3)sack 4)Corn 5)Drip pipes 6) Foggars 7)End caps 8)PVC pipes 9)Stand like structure 10)Sprayer with bottle 11)Timer with tripper
Process :-
1)Take the measurement of stand where we want to fix the drip pipe then cut those to fix.
2)Then make holes where you want to fix fogers.
3)Then fix these where water comes from.
4)Take trays then clean with normal water then with potassium after this dry those.
5)Then take corn an soak in hot water for 24 hours.
6)Then take bag and pour whole corn in 2 or 3 bags, then store for 24 hours.
7)After the time period we can observe sprouting of corn in bags.
8)Know take corn out and fill in trays in required quantity.
9)Set all trays in stand properly.
10)Set timer as 2 minutes a 1:45 hour.
11)Leave it for 7 day it will grow 7 inches, then take out,then wash and feed.
Result :- From 1 kg corn we can get minimum 4 kgs of fodder.
Practical : 17
Murghas
Aim :- Preparation of Murghas.
Requirements :-
Kadba ,Kutti,Salt,Water,Gud (Jaggery),Drum-500kg,Weighing machine
Quantity & Costing :-
- Kutti material = 40kg + 80 rs
- Salt =50g + 7 rs
- Jaggery =100g + 5 rs
- Mineral mix =50g + 10.5 rs
- Butter milk =50ml + 1 rupee
Total = 103.5 rupee
Labour Charge :- Total amount*25%/100
103.5*25/100 = 27.87 rs
Process :-
- We bought kutti material from farm and cutted it in small peaces.
- Then we added jaggery in water.
- We also added salt and urea and in water,then we mixed all that materials.
- Then we sprayed on all the kutti material.
- Then we filled in a bag which has 2 layers of Plastic cover and bag typed.
- In between the time of filling in bag we totally compressed all the materials by pressing.
- Then we packed the bag without air in it.
Advantages :-
- As it is high in protein it should be feed to animals.
- It also increases milk production of animals.
Observation :-
- It helps to increase animals weight and milk production.
Result :-
- Know we made a pickle like item for animal,it tastes good,smells good,good for health of it.
Planting types
Aim :- To prepare many types of small plants and to increase production.
Tools :- Scale(30cm), Plastic bag, Siccors, Knife, etc.
Procedure :-
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